11.比較・否定

英文法講座の11回目は比較・否定についてです。

 

<1.同等比較級⇔比較級⇔最上級>

 この3つのことは、お互いに書き換えられます。
 例文です。

 She is the best pianist in this town.
 →She plays the piano better than anyone else in this town.
 →No one else in this town plays the piano better than she.
 →No other pianist in this town plays the piano as well as she.

 Nancy is the most diligent student in our class.
 →Nancy is more diligent than any other student in our class.
 →No other student in our class is more diligent than Nancy.
 →No other student in our class is as diligent as Nancy.

 He is the greatest novelist that ever lived.
 →He is greater than any other novelist that ever lived.
 →He is as great a novelist as any (novelist that ever) lived.

 注意:than の後のother novelistは、単数のこと

 ☆the をつけないのが普通の最上級
 ・副詞の最上級
  I like roses best of all the flowers.

 ・同一人(物)の最高
  The lake s deepest at this point.
  He is happiest at home with his wife and children.
 

 

<2.less, worseを用いた表現>
 例文です。

 Peggy doesn't eat as much as Jill.
 →Peggy eats less than Jill.

 I don't have more difficulty than before when I speak English.
 →I have less difficulty than before when I speak English.

 This question is not so difficult as that one.
 →This question is less difficult than that one.

 His brother can do it more skillfully than Randy.
 →Randy can do it less skillfully than his brother.

 Marry types better than he.
 →He types worse than Marry.

 The book we used is better than this book.
 →This book is worse than the one we used.
 

 

<3.used toを用いる表現>
 例文です。

 Planes fly much faster than they used to. (昔よりも)

 I don't smoke as[so] much as I used to.
 →I smoke less than I used to. (昔ほどは;かつてほど)

 

<4.the+比較級+理由を表す句・節>
 例文です。

 I like him all the better for his fault.
 →I like him all the better because he has a fault.
 (彼に欠点があるからなおさら私は彼が好きだ)
 
 We like the teacher none the less for often scolding us.
 →We like the teacher none the less because he often scolds us.
 (よく叱られるけれども、それにもかかわらず、私たちはその先生が好きです)

 解説:allやnoneは、強調を表す
 

 

<5.the+比較級...., the+比較級...>
 これが使えればいいですね。
 まず、例文です。

 The higher the tree is, the harder the wind blows.
 (木が高ければ高いほど、風当たりは強くなる)

 The more money one earns, the more one wants.
 (お金を持てば持つほど、ますます欲しくなる)

 

<6.moreを用いた表現>
 ・no more than=only「たったの;ほんの~にすぎない」
  He is no more than a child.
  (彼は、ほんのこどもにすぎない)
  He has no more than ten books.
  (彼は、たった10冊の本を持っているにすぎない)
  このno more thanは、ときどき、出くわします。

 ・A is no more B than C is D.=A is not B any more than C is D.
  これは、有名なクジラの構文です。
  訳し方は、「CがDでないように、AはBでない」
       「AがBでないのは、CがDでないのと同じだ」
  BとDが同一の時は、Dは省略されます。
  では、例文です。
  A bat is no more a bird than a rat is (a bird).

 ・not more than=at most 「多くとも;せいぜい」
  He has not more than 1,000 yen.
  (彼は多くとも1,000円しか持っていない)

 ・not more ~ than... 「...ほど~ない」
  She is not more brilliant than her sister.
  (彼女は、妹ほど優秀でない)

 

<7.lessを用いた重要表現>
 ・no less than=as many(much) as 「...ほども多くの」
  He has no less than six children.
  (彼には子供が6人もいる)

 ・no less ~ than ... 「...と同様に~]
  Our behavior is no less important than our words to carry the meaning.
  (行動は言葉と同様に意味を伝えるのに重要である)

 ・not less than=at least
  She has not less than 10,000 dollars in her handbag not.
  (かの上は、今少なくともハンドバックの中に1万ドル持っている)

 ・not less ~ than ... 「...に勝るとも劣らず、~」
  Human resources are not less important than natural resources.
  (人的資源は天然資源に勝るとも劣らず、需要である」

<8.know better than to do 〜「〜するような馬鹿ではない」
  I know better than to believe such a silly story.
  (ばかげた話を信じるような馬鹿ではない)

<9.「...ましてや〜」
  still[much] less ~, still[much] more ~, to say nothing of ~,
  not to mention ~, without mentioning, let alone ~


  She cannnot speak French, not to speak of Arabic.
  =She cannnot speak French, still less Arabic.
  (彼女は、フランス語が話せない。ましてやアラビア語なんて話せない)
  ☆肯定文では、much[still] more、否定文では、much[still] less ~を用いる。
   let aloneも否定の文脈で用いるのが普通。

  He cannot read, let alone write.
  (彼は読むことができません。ましてや書くこともできません)

 

<10.the last [名詞] to do 〜 「もっとも〜しそうになう[名詞]」
  He is the last man to break his promise.
  =He is the last man who[that] would break his promise.

<11.not so much A as B = B rather than A 「AというよりはむしろB」
  これは、英文によく出てくる有名な表現です。
  He is not so much a scholar as a journalist.

特に、6と7のmoreを用いた表現とlessを用いた表現は、通訳案内士試験のために、必死に覚えました。

 

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