10.受動態
英文法講座の第10回は、受動態についてです。
<1.受動態の一般形>
・能動文の目的語+[助動詞]+be+過去分詞(+by行為者)
They have given the doll to the girl.
→The doll has been given to the girl.
They gave the girl the doll.
→The girl was given the doll.
They elected him mayor of the city.
→He was elected mayor of the city.
注意:mayor of the cityは、目的格補語なので、主語にして受動態にすることはできない。
行為者が、疑問詞の場合
Who invented this machine.
→By whom was this machine invented?
・動詞が群動詞の場合
You must take great care of your children.
→Your children must be taken great care of.
注意:文末のofを忘れないこと
(参考)
You must take great care of your children.
→Great care must be taken of your children.
They put much importance on reading and writing English.
→Much importance is put on reading and writing English.
put much importance onは、群動詞ではない。
<2.受け身 to-不定詞を用いる場合>
They say [believe] thatのようなthat-節の主語を文頭に主語として持ってきて受動態を作る。
・「現在...であるそうです[...であると思われている]」
They say [believe] that she is a talented pianist.
→It is said [believed] that she is a talented pianist.
→She is said [believed] to be a talented pianist.
このように、is said [believed]の後は、to-不定詞になる。
・「過去に...であったそうです[過去に...であったと今思われている]」
They say [believe] that he was a rich man.
→It is said [believed] that he was a rich man.
→He is said [believed] to have been a rich man.
that節の時制が、古いときは、完了不定詞(have+動詞の過去分詞~)を用いる。
これらは、say, believeのほかに、image, support, thinkなどの動詞にても起こります。
<3.能動態では原形だが、受動態にするとto-不定詞になる場合>
・使役動詞(make, let, have)
They made him go first. → He was made to go first.
・知覚動詞(feel, smell, seeなど)
I felt my interest rise. → My interest was felt to rise.
<4.間違いがちな受動態>
The man robbed me of my purse.の受け身形は、
→I was robbed of my purse by the man.
They provide the car with an air conditioner.の受け身形は、
→The car is provided with an air conditioner.
上記の二つの英文は、日本語にだまされないこと。
受動態の主語になれるのは、能動態の目的語のみです。←これ、受動態の基本です。